Python下使用ssl自签证书的websockets 参考来源： 官方文档 客户端程序#!/usr/bin/env python import asyncio import pathlib import ssl import websockets ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT) localhost_pem = pathlib.Path(__file__).with_name("localhost.pem") ssl_context.load_verify_locations(localhost_pem) async def hello(): uri = "wss://localhost:8765" async with websockets.connect(uri, ssl=ssl_context) as websocket: name = input("What's your name? ") await websocket.send(name) print(f">>> {name}") greeting = await websocket.recv() print(f"<<< {greeting}") if __name__ == "__main__": asyncio.run(hello())服务端程序#!/usr/bin/env python import asyncio import pathlib import ssl import websockets async def hello(websocket): name = await websocket.recv() print(f"<<< {name}") greeting = f"Hello {name}!" await websocket.send(greeting) print(f">>> {greeting}") ssl_context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER) localhost_pem = pathlib.Path(__file__).with_name("localhost.pem") ssl_context.load_cert_chain(localhost_pem) async def main(): async with websockets.serve(hello, "localhost", 8765, ssl=ssl_context): await asyncio.Future() # run forever if __name__ == "__main__": asyncio.run(main())保存文件为localhost.pem-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- MIIEvAIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKYwggSiAgEAAoIBAQDG8iDak4UBpurI TWjSfqJ0YVG/S56nhswehupCaIzu0xQ8wqPSs36h5t1jMexJPZfvwyvFjcV+hYpj LMM0wMJPx9oBQEe0bsmlC66e8aF0UpSQw1aVfYoxA9BejgEyrFNE7cRbQNYFEb/5 3HfqZKdEQA2fgQSlZ0RTRmLrD+l72iO5o2xl5bttXpqYZB2XOkyO79j/xWdu9zFE sgZJ5ysWbqoRAGgnxjdYYr9DARd8bIE/hN3SW7mDt5v4LqCIhGn1VmrwtT3d5AuG QPz4YEbm0t6GOlmFjIMYH5Y7pALRVfoJKRj6DGNIR1JicL+wqLV66kcVnj8WKbla 20i7fR7NAgMBAAECggEAG5yvgqbG5xvLqlFUIyMAWTbIqcxNEONcoUAIc38fUGZr gKNjKXNQOBha0dG0AdZSqCxmftzWdGEEfA9SaJf4YCpUz6ekTB60Tfv5GIZg6kwr 4ou6ELWD4Jmu6fC7qdTRGdgGUMQG8F0uT/eRjS67KHXbbi/x/SMAEK7MO+PRfCbj +JGzS9Ym9mUweINPotgjHdDGwwd039VWYS+9A+QuNK27p3zq4hrWRb4wshSC8fKy oLoe4OQt81aowpX9k6mAU6N8vOmP8/EcQHYC+yFIIDZB2EmDP07R1LUEH3KJnzo7 plCK1/kYPhX0a05cEdTpXdKa74AlvSRkS11sGqfUAQKBgQDj1SRv0AUGsHSA0LWx a0NT1ZLEXCG0uqgdgh0sTqIeirQsPROw3ky4lH5MbjkfReArFkhHu3M6KoywEPxE wanSRh/t1qcNjNNZUvFoUzAKVpb33RLkJppOTVEWPt+wtyDlfz1ZAXzMV66tACrx H2a3v0ZWUz6J+x/dESH5TTNL4QKBgQDfirmknp408pwBE+bulngKy0QvU09En8H0 uvqr8q4jCXqJ1tXon4wsHg2yF4Fa37SCpSmvONIDwJvVWkkYLyBHKOns/fWCkW3n hIcYx0q2jgcoOLU0uoaM9ArRXhIxoWqV/KGkQzN+3xXC1/MxZ5OhyxBxfPCPIYIN YN3M1t/QbQKBgDImhsC+D30rdlmsl3IYZFed2ZKznQ/FTqBANd+8517FtWdPgnga VtUCitKUKKrDnNafLwXrMzAIkbNn6b/QyWrp2Lln2JnY9+TfpxgJx7de3BhvZ2sl PC4kQsccy+yAQxOBcKWY+Dmay251bP5qpRepWPhDlq6UwqzMyqev4KzBAoGAWDMi IEO9ZGK9DufNXCHeZ1PgKVQTmJ34JxmHQkTUVFqvEKfFaq1Y3ydUfAouLa7KSCnm ko42vuhGFB41bOdbMvh/o9RoBAZheNGfhDVN002ioUoOpSlbYU4A3q7hOtfXeCpf lLI3JT3cFi6ic8HMTDAU4tJLEA5GhATOPr4hPNkCgYB8jTYGcLvoeFaLEveg0kS2 cz6ZXGLJx5m1AOQy5g9FwGaW+10lr8TF2k3AldwoiwX0R6sHAf/945aGU83ms5v9 PB9/x66AYtSRUos9MwB4y1ur4g6FiXZUBgTJUqzz2nehPCyGjYhh49WucjszqcjX chS1bKZOY+1knWq8xj5Qyg== -----END PRIVATE KEY----- -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- MIIDTTCCAjWgAwIBAgIJAOjte6l+03jvMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAMEwxCzAJBgNV BAYTAkZSMQ4wDAYDVQQHDAVQYXJpczEZMBcGA1UECgwQQXltZXJpYyBBdWd1c3Rp bjESMBAGA1UEAwwJbG9jYWxob3N0MCAXDTE4MDUwNTE2NTkyOVoYDzIwNjAwNTA0 MTY1OTI5WjBMMQswCQYDVQQGEwJGUjEOMAwGA1UEBwwFUGFyaXMxGTAXBgNVBAoM EEF5bWVyaWMgQXVndXN0aW4xEjAQBgNVBAMMCWxvY2FsaG9zdDCCASIwDQYJKoZI hvcNAQEBBQADggEPADCCAQoCggEBAMbyINqThQGm6shNaNJ+onRhUb9LnqeGzB6G 6kJojO7TFDzCo9KzfqHm3WMx7Ek9l+/DK8WNxX6FimMswzTAwk/H2gFAR7RuyaUL rp7xoXRSlJDDVpV9ijED0F6OATKsU0TtxFtA1gURv/ncd+pkp0RADZ+BBKVnRFNG YusP6XvaI7mjbGXlu21emphkHZc6TI7v2P/FZ273MUSyBknnKxZuqhEAaCfGN1hi v0MBF3xsgT+E3dJbuYO3m/guoIiEafVWavC1Pd3kC4ZA/PhgRubS3oY6WYWMgxgf ljukAtFV+gkpGPoMY0hHUmJwv7CotXrqRxWePxYpuVrbSLt9Hs0CAwEAAaMwMC4w LAYDVR0RBCUwI4IJbG9jYWxob3N0hwR/AAABhxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMA0G CSqGSIb3DQEBCwUAA4IBAQC9TsTxTEvqHPUS6sfvF77eG0D6HLOONVN91J+L7LiX v3bFeS1xbUS6/wIxZi5EnAt/te5vaHk/5Q1UvznQP4j2gNoM6lH/DRkSARvRitVc H0qN4Xp2Yk1R9VEx4ZgArcyMpI+GhE4vJRx1LE/hsuAzw7BAdsTt9zicscNg2fxO 3ao/eBcdaC6n9aFYdE6CADMpB1lCX2oWNVdj6IavQLu7VMc+WJ3RKncwC9th+5OP ISPvkVZWf25rR2STmvvb0qEm3CZjk4Xd7N+gxbKKUvzEgPjrLSWzKKJAWHjCLugI /kQqhpjWVlTbtKzWz5bViqCjSbrIPpU2MgG9AUV9y3iV -----END CERTIFICATE-----

Selenium操作Chrome import os,platform,time from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By from selenium.webdriver import ChromeOptions sys_platform = platform.platform().lower() if "windows" in sys_platform: binary_location = "C:\\Program Files\\Google\\Chrome\\Application\\chrome.exe" executable_path = "C:\\chromedriver.exe" user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/108.0.0.0 Safari/537.36' elif "macos" in sys_platform: binary_location = "/Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome" executable_path = os.path.expanduser('~') + '/Documents/chromedriver' user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/107.0.0.0 Safari/537.36' defaults = './Profile' option = ChromeOptions() option.binary_location = binary_location option.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False) option.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ['enable-automation']) option.add_argument('--lang=zh-cn') option.add_argument('--disable-translate') option.add_argument(f'--window-position={100},{100}') option.add_argument(f'--user-data-dir={defaults}') option.add_argument(f'user-agent={user_agent}') option.add_argument('--disable-gpu') option.add_argument('--ignore-certificate-errors') option.add_argument('--ignore-ssl-errors') bro = webdriver.Chrome(executable_path=executable_path,options=option) bro.set_window_size(1024,768) bro.implicitly_wait(8) bro.get('https://www.baidu.com/') time.sleep(5) bro.close() bro.quit()

使用snapshot_phantomjs保存pyecharts为图片 1.安装python库pip3 install snapshot_phantomjs2.安装phantomjs 官网地址 下载对应操作系统的版本，并复制到系统环境路径下#查看是否安装成功 phantomjs --version3.因网络环境问题报错，File "/root/snapshot-phantomjs_test.py", line 19, in <module> make_snapshot(snapshot, bar_chart().render(), "bar0.png") File "/usr/local/lib/python3.9/site-packages/pyecharts/render/snapshot.py", line 45, in make_snapshot raise OSError(content_array) OSError: ["ReferenceError: Can't find variable: echarts\n\n file:////root/render.html:12 in global code\nReferenceError: Can't find variable: echarts\n\n undefined:1\nnull\n"]则需要下载所需js：wget https://assets.pyecharts.org/assets/echarts.min.js4.测试案例from pyecharts import options as opts from pyecharts.charts import Bar from pyecharts.render import make_snapshot from snapshot_phantomjs import snapshot file_path = "{}/".format(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath("/root/echarts.min.js"))) def bar_chart() -> Bar: c = ( Bar(init_opts=opts.InitOpts(js_host=file_path)) .add_xaxis(["衬衫", "毛衣", "领带", "裤子", "风衣", "高跟鞋", "袜子"]) .add_yaxis("商家A", [114, 55, 27, 101, 125, 27, 105]) .add_yaxis("商家B", [57, 134, 137, 129, 145, 60, 49]) .reversal_axis() .set_series_opts(label_opts=opts.LabelOpts(position="right")) .set_global_opts(title_opts=opts.TitleOpts(title="Bar-测试渲染图片")) ) return c make_snapshot(snapshot, bar_chart().render(), "bar0.png")

Pandas保留小数或取整 1.round(n)方法四舍五入# 全部列 df = df.round(2) # 指定列 df.round({'dogs':2, 'cats':1})2.取整# 指定列 dfs['A'] = dfs['A'].astype('int') # 全部列 dfs = dfs.astype('int')

Python统计时间段频次demo import datetime import pandas as pd # from pprint import pprint from pytz import timezone,all_timezones fmt = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %Z%z" # Current time in UTC now_utc = datetime.datetime.now(timezone('UTC')) print(now_utc.strftime(fmt)) # Convert to US/Pacific time zone now_pacific = now_utc.astimezone(timezone('US/Pacific')) print(now_pacific.strftime(fmt)) now_pabeijing = now_utc.astimezone(timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) print(now_pabeijing.strftime(fmt)) # for zone in all_timezones: # if 'Asia' in zone: # print(zone) def get_loacl(x): if type(x['时间']) == str: time_str = x['日期']+' '+x['时间'] dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(time_str,'%Y/%m/%d %H:%M PDT') dt = timezone('US/Pacific').localize(dt) dt_beijing = dt.astimezone(timezone('Asia/Shanghai')) print(time_str,dt,dt_beijing) return dt_beijing else: return x['时间'] def calc_hours(df): # 生成24小时时间段 times = [] for i in range(24): times.append({'时间段': '{0}时'.format(i), 'section': (i, i + 1), '计数': 0}) # 处理带PDT的时间 df['hours'] = df.apply(lambda x: datetime.datetime.strptime(x['日期']+x['时间'],'%Y/%m/%d%H:%M PDT') if type(x['时间']) == str else x['时间'],axis=1) df['locals'] = df.apply(lambda x: get_loacl(x),axis=1) print(df) # 循环统计 for i,r in df.iterrows(): for tx in times: if tx['section'][0] <= r['locals'].hour < tx['section'][1]: tx['计数'] = tx['计数'] + 1 break # 转为dataframe dt = pd.DataFrame(times).drop(['section'],axis=1) return dt df = pd.read_excel('./亚马逊订单2022-10-19.xlsx',usecols=['日期','时间'],sheet_name='订单详情') d = calc_hours(df) print(d)import datetime import random # 生成随机测试时间数量 from pprint import pprint SAMPLE_COUNT = 10 SECTION = 'section' SUM = 'sum' def my_time(): times = [] for i in range(24): times.append({SECTION: (i, i + 1), SUM: 0}) cnt = 0 while True: h = random.randint(0, 23) m = random.randint(0, 59) t = datetime.time(hour=h, minute=m) for tx in times: if tx[SECTION][0] <= t.hour < tx[SECTION][1]: tx[SUM] = tx[SUM] + 1 pprint(f'{t.strftime("%H:%M")} @ {tx[SECTION]}') break cnt = cnt + 1 if cnt > SAMPLE_COUNT: break return times if __name__ == '__main__': timex = my_time() pprint(timex)